Taricha torosa
I figure we could use some less-than-apocalyptic news today. Over the last couple decades, the management of Tilden Regional Park in the hills above Berkeley, California has closed a main road artery through the park each year between November 1 and April 1 in order to protect a local amphibian. The road parallels a seasonal creek; each autumn when the rains start local members of the species Taricha torosa, a.k.a. the California newt, head for the creek to find pools in which to mate. For many of them this involves crossing the road, and even though it’s not a heavily traveled road at the busiest of times that’s still more traffic than the newts can handle.
The California newt is one of those species, like the blue-ringed octopus and the pufferfish, that counts tetrodotoxin among its defense mechanisms. There’s a recorded human fatality involving a related species — the rough-skinned newt, Taricha granulosa, one of which was swallowed by a drunken Oregon fratboy — but as far as I know the California newt boasts neither a human body count nor spurious pharmazombie folklore like other tetrodotoxic species. The newt’s egg masses are well-endowed with tetrodotoxin as well. Some garter snakes have developed a resistance to tetrodotoxin and can eat the eggs, but mainly they’re left alone.
Like a lot of very toxic species, the newts’ defense mechanism relies on communicating that toxicity to its attacker. Poke at a California newt and it will usually display its bright orange belly, which any sensible predator would take as a warning of a bad stomachache or worse. Sadly, this defense does little to deter a speeding Buick.
This fall the rains started early, and the newts — apparently belonging to that 47% of American species that refuse to take responsibility for their lives by checking a calendar — started crossing the road a week or two before the closure. The road started to become dotted with little bright-orange corpses. And so the discussion started up between the management of the East Bay Regional Park District and local residents. Should the Park close the road early to protect the newts, or would that add unnecessarily to the inconvenience of the seasonal road closure?
It’s not surprising that there would be conflict. What’s surprising is which parties took which sides. As the blog Berkeleyside reports, it’s the Park that’s being recalcitrant about acting to protect the newts, and the locals who would presumably be most inconvenienced who’re demanding the road be closed.
David Wake, who has lived in the Park Hills neighborhood since the late 1970s, has been studying salamanders and newts since the late 1950s. Professor of the Graduate School in Integrative Biology and Curator, Museum of Vertebrate Zoology at UC Berkeley, he said newt populations have fallen dramatically in recent years, although the closure of South Park Road has helped.
On a neighborhood listserve Wake wrote: “The movement patterns are not governed by human calendars. Males move with the first substantial rains. They migrate in the direction of the creek. Females come later. But breeding is not completed until the creeks start receding, late in the rainy season. This means that males get knocked off in late October (our first rains typically arrive during the last two weeks of October), and females get knocked off in early- mid-April, when they leave the stream with our last rains. The closure of the road should be extended for two weeks on either end. I have made this case for many years, unsuccessfully… The tragedy of the newts is that in most years their breeding is completely unsuccessful.”
I’ve been reporting on human-wildlife interactions for twenty years now, and these things almost always get cast as “humans versus wildlife,” as though the right of humans to build something or get a particular job or drive via the shortest route possible on the one hand, and the survival of wildlife species in the other, are of equal weight. A startlingly similar situation here in the California desert involves the Coachella fringe-toed lizard, which depends on what the ecologists call “blow-sand” habitat. Blow-sand habitat is pretty much what it sounds like: in the desert, sand flows downwind from one basin to another, creating distinct habitats with distinct assemblages of sand-adapted vegetation and fauna. The Coachella fringe-toed is one of those fauna, relying on loose sand for shelter against temperature extremes and predators, and its eponymous toe fringe helps it run across that loose sand the way snowshoes help you walk on snow.
The Coachella fringe-toed lizard has had something like three quarters of its habitat destroyed in the last 40 years by sprawl in the Coachella Valley: suburbs, strip malls, golf courses and light industrial development have exploded in the north end of the valley. One of the last stretches of open blow-sand habitat is along the course of the Whitewater River, which flows out of the San Bernardino Mountains into the valley. By the time it reaches Palm Springs the river’s water is mainly underground, and the riverbed an expanse of open sand — fringe-toed lizard habitat.
Three major roads cross that section of river. There are three or five days per year when the wind picks up even more than usual, blowing sand reduces visibility to near zero, and the police have to close those roads. Engineers could build baffles or fences to keep the sand from blowing across the road quite so much, but that would reduce the flow of sand to the lizard habitat on the downwind side of the road. So instead some people in the Coachella Valley must, a few days a year, add two or three miles to their commute, and the local paper’s website fills with complaints about radical environmentalists prioritizing a lowly lizard over their god-given right to drive wherever the fuck they want to.
There are, of course, people in the Coachella Valley who like having the fringe-toed lizard as a neighbor, and they just don’t happen to write reactionary comments on the Desert Sun’s website. And there are certainly people in the Berkeley Hills who grumble about the goddamn newts making it take 15 minutes longer to get to the golf course. My casting the Berkeleyside piece as an indication of the more advanced ecological sentiment of people in the East San Francisco Bay area would certainly obscure some important nuance. But I’m gonna do it anyway. Even though I lived for 22.5 years before I ever got there, I think of Berkeley as my home town. Seeing my former neighbors turn the usual “humans versus wildlife” trope upside down makes me proud. And homesick.
Mating California newts with egg masses
There’s a Newt from Georgia, since migrated to Virgina I believe, that is toxic to human reason. It has also been observed mating with the same abandon.
My father, who was a marine biologist, had a student who was doing some work on the coast of TX. He discovered a species of frog that was new to science. He went back the next year to do some work on the frog but discovered that the Army Corps of Engineers had totally filled in the wetlands area where the frog lived, so that they could build some parking lots or something. It’s hard to say what is “more” important, but I’m afraid I would have come down on the side of the frog… but no one knew about it, except this one guy and my family, so it was never an issue.
“…males me proud”?
Fixed. Thanls.
What we really need is to raise awareness of the cuteness of newts. Let’s make the Internet treat them with the same esteem it does kitties.
Problem solved!
You’re wekcome.
This is always a thing that annoyed me with attitudes towards conservation. If a species is large and cute, people are usually all on board for protecting them but if it is a fringe toed lizard, snail darter or even god forbid, an invertebrate then people get all pissy whingeing about “radical” environmentalists.
Which is why I was quite pleasantly surprised when the local people of Berkeley complained to the Park Services to extend the road closure for the newts. That is an attitude humanity should adopt far more often. Chris, your writing has only served to make Pharyngula an even better blog than it already was. PZ taking you on was one of the best decisions he has taken in a long time.
Amphibians! My favourite kind of endangered.
I’m glad for the road closure in general, but honestly, sticking it to a human calendar is a bit… anthropocentric? Reminds me of that newspaper clipping floating around Facebook and the like, about a woman writing in for municipal authorities to move the deer crossing, since it’s in an inconvenient location (still haven’t managed to discover it’s authenticity) and the deer should all cross elsewhere.
*sigh*
Very cute newt, though.
Haven’t managed or haven’t tried?
http://www.snopes.com/humor/letters/deercrossing.asp
@1
“There’s a Newt from Georgia, since migrated to Virgina I believe, that is
toxicimmune to human reason. It has also been observed mating with the same abandon.”Both are correct, actually.
Some hybrid DNA is called for. The Siberian newts can contribute the ability to be frozen solid and survive.
The most toxic newt should of course contribute its toxin to the sibling species.
.
Also, amphibians have much smaller brains than amniotes. Let’s fix that. The increased need for energy can be countered with more aggressive hunting strategies. The term “land pirhanas” suggests itself.
I love newts. And all amphibians. In the spring the pond in the back has at least 5 species that breed there. I call it “The great copulation.” I love falling asleep to that sound. As a bonus whenever an evolution denier says “I’ve never seen one kind of animal turn into another” I just point to tadpoles. Hey… they didn’t say species so I’m within my rights.
Wow, Berkeley, cool.
“Blow-sand” is just chock full of aeolian and arenaceous goodness. We need more of that, especially for the lizards.
Berkeley also wants to ban homeless people from sitting around downtown sidewalks.
Maybe the homeless should dress as newts.
I suspect the Downtown Berkeley [Merchants’] Association would put together a “Stamp Out Newts” campaign if the newts threatened to slow traffic on Shattuck Avenue.
When we talk about Newts all I can think of is Gussy Finknottle, he would be shocked and appalled to harm a Newt as I am.
I would like to see the Georgia Newt become extinct though.
I remember seeing something similar to this in England involving a frog migration, with a typically English response to the problem. They simply built underpasses for the frogs so that they could easily go under the road instead of across it.
dysomniak @9 – I’ll admit, it’s been rather low on my list of priorities. Thanks for the clarification.
The newts aren’t particularly rare, but up in Oakland, they represent a type of life that was nearly wiped out when the forests there were clearcut.
Down in Mountain View, the newts follow the restored Stevens Creek, and down below the trail in hidden spot hundreds of the little guys pop out of the ground to feed and mate. It’s crazy, I didn’t know so many lived in the suburban area – and this is probably a tiny fraction that lived there before all the paving.
I ran into one of these little guys in Big Sur this year. His pond had stayed dry all year and when we cleaned out the trash from the pond, he was certain that meant the rains came back and kept trying to go into the dry bed. I hope he figured it out and went back into the grasses, he wouldn’t take our warnings that it was still bone dry.
Up here in the redwoods, these guys are all over the place, and we’ve found them as deep as 5′ into the ground in the summer.
Yeah, I’d recommend underpasses.
Where I was a kid in Oregon, one of the millipedes would just blanket some roads, trying to go up hill (why up? I never understood that) but down here in the redwoods, the little guys are sparse. I’ll see a half dozen al year, but I’d see that many on my porch back in Oregon.
I was dating my future wife while she was in college studying biology (her major) and this little cutie showed up in one of her text books. I fell in love with the name and said to her at the time that our first daughter should be named Tarika Torosa (I choose to give the “ch” a hard “k” sound). She was horrified and nixed it right then and there. We ended up with three daughters but none named Tarika, what a shame. I bring it up every once in awhile to our daughters just to rattle my wife’s cage. I know that’s not very nice, but I view it as a missed opportunity.