Racists think they’re being sneaky


Offhand, I know about a dozen interracial couples — some of them are in my family. Republican Senator Mike Braun thinks it would be fine to dissolve their marriages.

In a media call on Tuesday, U.S Senator Mike Braun (R-Ind) said that the U.S. Supreme Court was wrong to legalize interracial marriage in a ruling that stretches back to Loving v. Virginia in 1967.

According to Braun, the decision should not have been made by the country’s highest court and instead been left to individual states. Even though some states had made interracial marriage illegal prior to the Supreme Court ruling.

They’ve discovered this handy circumlocution. They aren’t going to come right out and say that interracial marriage is wrong…oh no, they’re just going to say that we ought to permit states (that is, Republican lawmakers in some states) the right to destroy marriages, if they want. They’re playing the same game with abortion.

Come on, no one is fooled. Braun is a closet racist who has found a not-so-cunning way to signal to other racists that he’s on their side.

Comments

  1. StevoR says

    These regressive douchebags really do want to take the USA backwards and remove every last skerrick of social progress made since the Civil War and even before don’t they?

  2. weylguy says

    “According to Braun, the decision should not have been made by the country’s highest court and instead been left to individual states.”

    Again with the “states’ rights” dodge. If that’s the desire of the Republican Party, then the U.S. Supreme Court should be dissolved, with America devolving into an enormous city-state system in which slavery is reintroduced and the Hand Maid’s Tale becomes the rule book for women.

  3. says

    Oh, he’s threatening me with a good time, because that would affect dear Clearance Thomas! Poor dear Clearance would be ever so confused, because he thinks that he’s not a token and he won’t get spent….

  4. John Harshman says

    That story is two years old, and he walked it back immediately. Nothing to see here, folks.

  5. Tethys says

    I wonder if he is related to Eva Braun?

    Civil rights are not subject to state law for good reason, but it’s not surprising that a maga infested white man is openly spouting Christo-fascist nonsense about race mixing.

    Under this logic, Mitch McConnell, trumpelstiltskin, and Shady Pants are all getting their marriages annulled and their wives deported, though I suppose that the bigot from Illinois merely intended to denigrate the marriage of Vice President Harris.

  6. Tethys says

    Argh, I do hate the modern technology that changes Indiana into Illinois.

    I doubt that walking back this statement means that the Senator isn’t really a white male supremacist who is doing his best to empower fascists. He also loves banning women’s reproductive rights, stacking SCOTUS with corrupt judges, and tried to help steal the White House for rump.

    The old white men of this country are an active threat to democracy.

    I hope he doesn’t become Governor

  7. raven says

    Strangely enough, that would affect two of the candidates running for president of the USA today.

    .1. JD Vance can say good bye to his wife and kids. He is married to an Indian American woman and his kids are half Indian.

    .2. Kamala Harris is half Indian and half Black.
    She isn’t a childless cat lady but Senator Braun would make her into one.

    .3. Former president Obama is now illegal, being half white and half Kenyan.
    So are his kids.

    Wikipedia:

    According to the 2020 United States census, 33.8 million people, or 10.2% of the population, identified as multiracial. This is a 276% increase from 2010, when 9 million people identified as multiracial.
    and
    The multiracial population is the fastest-growing demographic in the country.
    and
    Nearly a Third Reporting Two or More Races Were Under 18 in 2020

    Braun wants to make 10% of the US population into an illegal under class. I guess.
    Who knows, maybe he wants to set up camps and kill them all with Xyklon B gas.
    With someone that twisted and filled with hate, anything is possible.

    He is running out of time here.
    The mixed race population is the fastest growing demographic in the USA. In a few decades or maybe more, mixes will be the majority of the population.

  8. Jim Brady says

    Mmmm. How could you in this day and age you even do that. How could you legally define race? I know the US had discrimination that try to do that (not sure how they go about it). But I think it is a bad idea (instead of racial quotas, they should have quotas for disadvantaged students). But race is not a well defined concept. We are all mongrels.

  9. Ted Lawry says

    I was reading on the web about the future of the red states and it hit me: they are recreating the pre-Civil Rights South! Think about it, the South before the 1960s had:
    1) Entrenched one-party rule
    2) based on an embittered white majority
    3) who kept returning the same sleazy politicians, election after election, partly to take advantage of the senility system in the Senate
    4) those pols never did anything real for their constituents because if the whites weren’t so poor they wouldn’t be so embittered.
    5) Racism was used to keep the whites from joining with the blacks with whom they actually had more real interests in common than with the rich southern whites who ran the South and despised the poor whites as “white trash.”
    6) It wasn’t just racism, legal tricks (Jim Crow laws) were used to keep the opposition from voting.
    Sounds like future red states to me except that the legal tricks will rely more on gerrymandering and ensuring that the election officials are corrupt.

  10. Ted Lawry says

    I was reading on the web about the future of the red states and it hit me: they are recreating the pre-Civil Rights South! Think about it, the South before the 1960s had:
    1) Entrenched one-party rule
    2) based on an embittered white majority
    3) who kept returning the same sleazy politicians, election after election, partly to take advantage of the senility system in the Senate
    4) those pols never did anything real for their constituents because if the whites weren’t so poor they wouldn’t be so embittered.
    5) Racism was used to keep the whites from joining with the blacks with whom they actually had more real interests in common than with the rich southern whites who ran the South and despised the poor whites as “white trash.”
    6) It wasn’t just racism, legal tricks (Jim Crow laws) were used to keep the opposition from voting.
    Sounds like future red states to me except that the legal tricks will rely more on gerrymandering and ensuring that the election officials are corrupt.

  11. Ted Lawry says

    ” he walked it back immediately. Nothing to see here, folks.” What’s that about “saying the quiet part out loud?”

  12. Evil Dave says

    John Harshman@5 – Yes, the article is two years old. However, as long as he is running for, or in, public office, the public needs to be reminded of what garbage his opinions are. “Walking back” his comments, after being publicly criticized, doesn’t mean he gets to toss them down the memory hole.

  13. bcw bcw says

    The couple in “Loving” were married in another State. The issue was the State they moved to did not recognize inter-racial marriage and saw them as un-married by the move. It violated the full faith&credit clause of the Constitution but the Supreme Cort has never been willing to enforce that States’ rights bugaboo. The “let the states decide” argument always runs into this Constitutional conflict.

  14. John Harshman says

    I”m willing to accept that he was confused about what Loving vs. Virginia was. His denial was pretty clear.

    In a statement to The Washington Post after the conference call, Braun said he “misunderstood” the reporter’s questions on Loving and stressed that he opposes racism.
    “I misunderstood a line of questioning that ended up being about interracial marriage,” Braun said. “Let me be clear on that issue — there is no question the Constitution prohibits discrimination of any kind based on race, that is not something that is even up for debate, and I condemn racism in any form, at all levels and by any states, entities, or individuals.”

    There are plenty of issues to beat on him for, but this isn’t one of them. Two years old and repudiated at the time.

  15. raven says

    I”m willing to accept that he was confused about what Loving vs. Virginia was. His denial was pretty clear.

    OK.

    Don’t forget though that there are still many in the fundie xian/GOP who do oppose racial mixing, especially interracial marriage.
    Those are the Great Replacement theorists among others.

  16. robro says

    Growing up in the South during the 50s/60s I heard a lot about “states rights” all the friggin’ time. There were billboards on the side of the highways about it. However, the whole “states rights” gambit, whether about race, abortion, immigration, etc, is just a ruse to give power to the states which are more vulnerable to control by the rich. That’s just as true today as it was before 1865. The power split between states and the Fed is one of the oldest debates in this country based entirely on this notion that the states should be treated as quasi-independent political entities. It’s the reason we have the “Electoral College” which lets the “states”, i.e. delegations controlled by the rich, overrule the popular vote because they don’t trust “we the people” to vote the right people into office.

  17. robro says

    John Harshman @ #15

    I”m willing to accept that he was confused about what Loving vs. Virginia was. His denial was pretty clear.

    Remember those Trump Supreme Court nominees who swore to the US Senate that Roe v Wade was established law? Like the preacher at the Philadelphia church, I don’t trust these people. They will say whatever they think they need to say to get what they really want: power for the very rich.

  18. says

    @2: Noooooo! Don’t give them ideas!
    Oh, wait, they’ll never come to this godforsaken, godless place for ideas.

    • • •

    <sarcasm> But racism is not Christian. Deuteronomy 24:16 (among many, many other references) demands that sons shall not be punished for the sins (some translations “iniquities”) of their fathers — and surely the biggest iniquity of all is being born of the “wrong” race! (Followed by being born with the “wrong” citizenship.) Therefore, good Christians must reject racism, and it’s an actual sin to identify oneself as a “Christian nationalist” who treats accidents of birth as iniquities worthy of punishment because that insults the name and word of Christ and his disciples. </sarcasm>

  19. wsierichs says

    If anyone is interested, here is the earliest version of the Virginia law, passed in 1662, that the court ruling overturned: “And that if any christian shall committ Fornication with a negro man or woman, hee or shee soe offending shall pay double the Fines imposed by the former act.” Several other Virginia laws in the 17th century specifically distinguished between “Christians” and “negroes.” So the original form of Colonial racial prejudice was not racial in origin, but religious.

    17th century English court rulings that upheld slavery laws cited that “negroes” were pagans and therefore Christians could lawfully enslave them. In 1677 (Butts vs. Penny, two separate lawsuits with the same name are involved here, involving two separate groups of slaves) that “negroes were infidels, and the subjects of an infidel prince, and are usually bought and sold in America as merchandise … negroes being usually bought and sold among merchants, as merchandise, and also being infidels, there might be a property in them sufficient to maintain trover …” and in 1694 (Gelly/Gilly vs Cleve) that “trover will lie for a negro boy, for they are heathens, and therefore a man may have property in them, and that the court without averment made, will take notice that they are heathens.”

  20. brucej says

    Old news:

    Posted: Mar 22, 2022 / 06:24 PM EDT
    Updated: Mar 22, 2022 / 06:26 PM EDT

    While he should be dragged for this; we do need to make sure we’re not jut blindly following outrage bait.

  21. flex says

    @20, wsierichs, who wrote,

    So the original form of Colonial racial prejudice was not racial in origin, but religious.

    Rhetorical question: So once a negro converted to Christianity they were no longer a slave, instant manumission?

    Since that didn’t happen, I’d submit that the law which uses a racial characteristic to determine a person’s religion is definitely racist in origin. Not that religion doesn’t play it’s part, but it doesn’t have to be one or the other, it can be both. In other words, the law was used to justify an existing desire to own people of another race rather than the cause (origin) of such a desire.

  22. raven says

    So the original form of Colonial racial prejudice was not racial in origin, but religious.

    Naw.
    This is just flat out wrong.

    That the Black Africans were non-xians was just an excuse.
    .1. The newly arrived Africans very quickly lost their original culture and language.
    They also very quickly converted to xianity or were converted to xianity. A form of xianity that claimed they were natural slaves because of the curse of Ham and other made up reasons, equally just an excuse.
    They never let xians slaves go because they were xians.

    .2. The white American colonists never enslaved the Native Americans, Asians, or South Asian Indians, who were and many still are…non-xians.

  23. raven says

    The white slave owners often used the bible to justify slavery.
    This continues until,…a few minutes ago in some places.

    Wikipedia:
    Bible and Slavery

    The Bible contains many references to slavery, which was a common practice in antiquity. Biblical texts outline sources and the legal status of slaves, economic roles of slavery, types of slavery, and debt slavery, which thoroughly explain the institution of slavery in Israel in antiquity.[1] The Bible stipulates the treatment of slaves, especially in the Old Testament.[2][3][4] There are also references to slavery in the New Testament.[5][6]
    and
    The Curse of Ham (Genesis 9:18–27) was a passage particularly used by Christian slave owners to justify their enslavement of black people.

    The white Europeans didn’t need a reason to enslave people. It is simple economics. Money and power.

    The rationalizations aren’t all that good because that is all they are. They weren’t overly concerned with making it sound reasonable.

  24. John Morales says

    The white Europeans didn’t need a reason to enslave people.

    Catholics had several, for example: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dum_Diversas#Content

    The bull of 1452 was addressed to Afonso V and conceded Portugal’s right to attack, conquer and subjugate Saracens and pagans:

    …justly desiring that whatsoever concerns the integrity and spread of the faith, for which Christ our God shed his blood, shall flourish in the virtuous souls of the faithful… we grant to you by these present documents, with our Apostolic Authority, full and free permission to invade, search out, capture and subjugate the Saracens and pagans and any other unbelievers and enemies of Christ wherever they may be, as well as their kingdoms, duchies, counties, principalities, and other property… and to reduce their persons into perpetual slavery, and to apply and appropriate and convert to the use and profit of yourself and your successors, the Kings of Portugal, in perpetuity, the above-mentioned kingdoms, duchies, counties, principalities, and other property and possessions and suchlike goods…[9][13][14]

    (Ex Cathedra)

  25. John Morales says

    Best as I can make it, racism is a perennial type of xenophobia exhibited in all cultures in all times.

    cf. this word: Hibernophobia

  26. CompulsoryAccount7746, Sky Captain says

    Don’t forget Braun’s running mate for Lt. Gov!
     
    IndyStar

    pastor Micah Beckwith broke a decades-old tradition when Indiana’s Republican delegates nominated him for lieutenant governor over […] Mike Braun’s choice for the role.
    […]
    pastor for over 15 years […] He also hosts a podcast, called “Jesus, Sex and Politics,” with another Noblesville pastor, Nathan Peternel. The self-labeled “politically incorrect” podcast discusses cultural topics “that scare you and that you’re not allowed to talk about at the Thanksgiving dinner table,”
    […]
    previously held a position on the Hamilton County library board, where he led a book banning movement
    […]
    made combating “aggressive woke culture” the focal point for his campaign. This shows primarily in Beckwith’s vision for education in the state, where he opposes students using pronouns that differ from their sex assigned at birth

    IndyStar

    Beckwith, a self-described Christian nationalist […] swept the lieutenant governor nomination away from Sen. Braun’s far less known pick—a candidate Braun tried, and failed, to save with a last-minute Donald Trump endorsement. Braun now has to appear on the November ballot with Beckwith, a candidate who ran on his own agenda, views the lieutenant governor role as far more influential than Braun does and campaigned on his ultraconservative views on social issues that Braun has mostly avoided talking about.
    […]
    Beckwith made [a video] on Jan. 7 in which he said that God told him “I sent those riots to Washington” and “what you saw yesterday was my hand at work.”

    Indiana Capitol Chronicle

    Beckwith, the Republican nominee for lieutenant governor, is assembling an advisory council of agricultural, legislative and other experts to ensure “alignment with Christian, Constitutional, and Conservative principles,” […] and would make certain that “policies and programs advance the interests of Hoosiers while maintaining a commitment to limited government, personal responsibility, and faith-based initiatives.”
    […]
    “You don’t have to be a Christian. No one’s trying to use government to proselytize,” Beckwith said. “You know, I don’t want to see a theocracy. I don’t want to see government turn into a substitute church. What I do believe, though, is that the moral foundation that America rests upon… (is) built on Judeo-Christian principles […] We don’t allow murder in America, because God says murder is wrong,” Beckwith said. He added examples of theft and slander.

    He was a pastor for 15 years—a position both of Bible awareness and public speaking—and that’s the best drivel he can come up with to justify Christian nationalism.

  27. epawtows says

    People like him will define ‘racist’ to mean an unreasonable belief that one’s own race is better than it really is.
    But these people also “know”, for a “fact”, that “White People Are Better Than Brown/Black Ones”, so acting on that “fact” isn’t racist, it’s either “telling it like it is” or “being real” and they fully expect to not only not be penalized, but ADMIRED for it.
    And, of course, by their definition, a black man who thinks they are the equal of a white one is being racist.

    No sense of self awareness at all.

  28. wsierichs says

    As an FYI: The word “slave” comes from “Slav.” That’s because in the Dark Ages/Middle Ages, Christians captured so many pagan Slavic peoples in several centuries of relentless wars and raids ((their pagan status being the reason for the wars), then sold the captives info forced labor, many into the Middle East, that Slav became synonymous with forced labor. By modern racial definitions, Slavs and other Europeans that Christians killed or enslaved in a thousand year genocide against the pagan peoples of Europe, after Christians were given control of the Roman Empire, were all “white.” Race was not a factor, only religion. That’s because refusal to convert to Christianity was seen as choosing Satan over God/Jesus. When pagans made choices to hold to their traditional beliefs, that made them Satan worshipers, and therefore intrinsically evil.

    I did not quote other Colonial laws and related material, but up into the 18th century, “Christian” and “Negro” were often juxtaposed. “Race” did not enter these laws until sometime in the 18th century, which basically was an attempt by Christians to justify the enslavement or killing of dark-skinned pagans all over the world (I call it the “Slav treatment”) using the newly developed “scientific” ideas of early biologists to classify all animal species, including humans. The obvious physical differences were explained by the concept of differing races.

    In the 19th century, Christians extended the idea of race to Jews to “explain” why they were so resistant to conversion. It was obvious that they had to be a physically/biologically inferior version of humanity, or else they were have recognized the moral and spiritual superiority of Christianity and Christians. Which was why only Christians could be allowed to control governments; Jews were obviously a constant threat to corrupt a Christian nation. That’s the origin of the modern Christian nation movement. That’s why European Christians – Nazis/Germans were only a part of this action – murdered some six million Jews in World War II.

    If anyone doubts the link between Christianity and slavery, pre-racism, explain the following 1664 Maryland law: “That all Negroes or other slaves already within the Province And all Negroes and other slaves to bee hereafter imported into the Province shall serve Durante Vita. [for life] And all Children born of any Negro or other slave shall be Slaves as their ffathers were for the terme of their lives And forasmuch as divers freeborne English women forgettfull of their free Condicion and to the disgrace of our Nation doe intermarry with Negro Slaves by which alsoe divers suites may arise touching the Issue of such woemen and a great damage doth befall the Masters of such Negros for prevention whereof for deterring such freeborne women from such shamefull Matches Bee itt further Enacted …” By law, all freeborn English men and women had to be Christians. There was no such thing legally as a non-Christian English man/woman. So this means enough Christian women were marrying black men that it alarmed Colonial officials. If racism existed, why would this even have been a problem? The original issue was religion, not race. And yes, Colonial officials recognized the problem of conversion, which technically meant slaves should go free, so they passed laws to prevent that. The legal justification is too complex for here, but it was certainly part of the slavery issue and conversions were not allowed to justify emancipation.

  29. CompulsoryAccount7746, Sky Captain says

    Podcast/Transcript: Scene on Radio – S2E2 Seeing White, How Race Was Made

    Nell Irvin Painter: ancient Greeks naturally thought that their culture was the best and that they were the civilized people and other people were barbarians.

    John Biewen: The Ethiopians to the South, who happened to be darker? Good looking or not, they were barbarians. But so were the pasty people to the east.

    Painter: The Persians, for instance, were too light-skinned for upper-class Greeks who played their games in the nude and got suntanned. They would laugh at Persians for spending too much time indoors, and […] didn’t go outside and get suntanned. They were unhealthy.

    Biewen: The Greeks saw lesser humans in every direction. […] inferior not because of the color of their skin or anything hereditary, but because of where and how they lived.
    […]
    slave trades are so much bigger than our idea of race. […] The Greeks, the Romans, the Chinese, the West African kingdoms. They all practiced forms of slavery. […] One of the main things the Vikings pillaged was people. And people of every color got enslaved. Folks in eastern Europe were hauled off into bondage so often and for so many centuries that the very word, ‘slave,’ derived from their name.
    […]
    But if […] race hadn’t been invented yet, well, who did invent it, and when? Going into this, I did not expect an answer to that question in the form of one person’s name and the year of the invention. But here’s a scholar who says, “yeah, I’ll tell you who did it.” […] Ibram Kendi’s book, Stamped from the Beginning: The Definitive History of Racist Ideas in America
    […]
    Yes, he says, people have always had the tendency to see themselves as the very best […] But Kendi points out that not everybody thought that way, even back then. […] Aristotle said nature intended for some people to be enslaved by others. Alcidamas wrote that: “God has left all men free; nature has made no man a slave.”
    […]
    Ibram Kendi: Ibn Battuta, who is considered to be the 14th century’s greatest world traveler […] described sub-Saharan Africa, specifically the Mali empire […] spoke quite glowingly about Mali
    […]
    Biewen: Battuta’s claims about the glories of Mali were shouted down as lies for a very practical reason. His Islamic, Moroccan society was busy enslaving people from sub-Sarahan Africa, as well as Slavs from eastern Europe.

    Kendi: And so to classify these people as not inferior would have been of course difficult for slave traders, just as if people didn’t classify the Slavs as inferior it would have been bad for business.

    Biewen: About a century after Ibn Battuta wrote admiringly about West African kingdoms, […] the king of Portugal had hired [Gomes de Zurara] to write a biography of the king’s uncle, Infante Henrique, better known as Prince Henry
    […]
    Kendi: the first major slave trader to exclusively enslave and trade in African people, from Portugal, in the mid-1400s.

    Biewen: Writing in 1453, Zurara chronicles and glorifies Prince Henry’s historic voyage a decade before. It was the first time Europeans sailed to sub-Saharan Africa to seize captives directly, rather than buying sub-Saharan slaves from north African middlemen. In describing the resulting slave auction back in Portugal, in 1444, Zurara lumped together the very different-looking captives—some lighter-skinned Tuareg people, others much darker. He claimed that Prince Henry’s main motive was to bring them to Christianity. So Zurara portrayed slavery as an improvement over freedom in Africa, where, he wrote, “They lived like beasts.” They “had no understanding of good, but only knew how to live in bestial sloth.”

    Kendi: And so I basically make the case that he was the first articulator of racist ideas. […] combine all of the different ethnic groups that Prince Henry was enslaving into one people, and then describing that people as inferior. […] he certainly created Blackness.
    […]
    Biewen: slave traders commissioned the invention of this sort of codified racist idea, of Black people

  30. CompulsoryAccount7746, Sky Captain says

    I wish this had turned out shorter. Trimmed what I could.

    Podcast/Transcript: Scene on Radio – S2E3 Made in America

    John Biewen: the innovations that built slavery American style are inseparable from the construction of whiteness
    […]
    Suzanne Plihcik: In the colony of Virginia, in 1640, an African indentured servant by the name of John Punch runs away from his servitude […] with a Dutchman and a Scotsman […] all living in identical circumstance.
    […]
    Biewen: The judge tells John Punch that unlike the two men from Europe, he will labor for his master for the rest of his days. […] the Punch case seems to be the first explicit approval of lifelong servitude—and the first time African and European people were treated differently in the law. […] what would become an ongoing practice by the rich landowning class and their political representatives: The practice of giving the poor people who looked like those in power, people of European descent, advantages—usually small advantages—over Africans and Native people.
    […]
    Plihcik: It switched their allegiance from the people in their same circumstance to the people at the top. It eventually created a multi-class coalition of people who would later come to be called White. […] a divide and conquer strategy [to stave off worker uprisings].

    * * *

    Biewen: Elizabeth Key was born in 1630. Her mother, an African, was effectively enslaved. Her father was not only a free White man but a member of the Virginia legislative assembly, the House of Burgesses.

    Kendi: Before his death, her White father asked her slave owner to free her when she became 15. He did not do that. […] They sued for her freedom on the basis that her father was free and also because […] she had become Christian. In English common law, the status of a child derives from the father. It was also against English common law to enslave a Christian.
    […]
    Biewen: The colonial court ruled in her favor in 1655 and she was freed. Clearly this frustrated the ruling elite.

    Kendi: So by the 1660s, Virginia had changed their laws to basically state that the status of a child was derived from the mother.
    […]
    Biewen: Some slave owners had resisted exposing their African slaves to Christianity so long as English law required them to free Christians. The new law explicitly stated that slaveholders could offer “the blessed sacrament of baptism” without fear of having to free the enslaved people who partook of it.

    These legal changes, of course, expanded the pool of people who could be permanently enslaved

    * * *

    Plihcik: By 1680 the Virginia House of Burgesses is literally debating what is a White man.
    […]
    Biewen: The Virginia House of Burgesses was the first legislative body in colonial America. In 1682, the Burgesses passed a law limiting citizenship to Europeans. It made all non-Europeans—”Negroes, Moors, Mollatoes, and Indians,” as the law put it, “slaves to all intents and purposes.” Virginia was giving away land […] but only to Europeans.

    Nine years later, in 1691, the Burgesses passed another law. […] the first documented use in the English-speaking colonies of the word “White”—as opposed to English, European, or Christian—to describe the people considered full citizens.

    That is, the people who got to remain citizens so long as they didn’t marry outside of their so-called race. The law read, quote: “Whatsoever English or other White man or woman, being free, shall intermarry with a negro, mullato, or Indian man or woman, bond or free, shall within three months after marriage be banished and removed from this dominion forever.”

    Plihcik: So, by 1691, we have a definition of White and we have constructed race in what becomes the United States. It’s important that we see this creation was for the upliftment of White people, primarily to support the White people at the top. Poor and working class Whites will get little. They will get just as much as is needed to ensure their allegiance.

    * * *

    Chenjerai Kumanyika: Bacon’s Rebellion [in 1676]. […] these farmers of multiple classes, but a lot of poor folks, [and] you had poor black servants and slaves who were promised freedom if they fought with Bacon. He was rising up against Governor Berkeley for a variety of reasons, but […] Bacon wanted to have the right to make war on Indians.
    […]
    Bacon’s Rebellion isn’t really something that we want to celebrate because it was a part of the genocide of Native Americans. But what it showed the House of Burgesses […] was, a multi-racial rebellion that showed the possibility of class solidarity across racial lines. And that was horrifying. […] that eventually lead to the Virginia Slave Codes [in 1705].
    [* * *]
    Kumanyika: in 1848 [not-yet-president John C. Calhoun] delivered a speech on the Oregon Bill. […] “With us, the two great divisions of society are not the rich and the poor, but White and Black. And all the former, the poor as well as the rich, belong to the upper class and are respected and treated as equals.”
    […]
    he realizes that there are folks who are starting to see it that way, mainly because he’s like a rich-ass plantation owner […] all of the poor white people, you have as many rights as me. Which is, of course, not true. But it just shows you like how clear that project was in his mind.

    * * *

    Biewen: There’s a tendency to think that human beings looked around at some point in the distant past and said, “There’s some of us who look this way […] so I’ll describe us as black, white, yellow, red.” But this history on this continent shows something so different, which is that it was constructed with very specific purposes
    […]
    Kumanyika: the whole project was related to exploitation. And so, if you identify that way, yeah. I don’t envy you in terms of having to try to think about what that means.

     
    Podcast/Transcript: Scene on Radio – S2E4 On Crazy We Built a Nation

    In 1613, John Rolfe marries Pocahontas. […] He’s our first tobacco magnate.
    […]
    [Virginia House of Burgesses in 1680] defines a white man for purposes of colonial citizenship […] no [Negro or Indian] blood whatsoever […] The problem was that definition would have excluded the descendants of John Rolfe and Pocahontas. And by then those descendants were big shots, rich land owners.
    […]
    What we DIDN’T DO is say […] “However, we will allow these Indian people to maintain their wealth and land as Indians.” […] What we said is: a White man is someone with no blood whatsoever etc., except for the descendants of John Rolfe and Pocahontas. We made them White.
    […]
    Racial Integrity Act of 1924 […] adopted the 1-drop rule for Black people […] But […] held onto the Pocahontas Exception. It defined as White people with up to 1/16th Native American ancestry, keeping John Rolfe’s and Pocahontas’ aristocratic descendants inside the White people tent.

    Podcast/Transcript: Scene on Radio – S2E10 Citizen Thind

    [1922] The Supreme Court says [Takao Ozawa], you’re light skinned, we get that. However, we believe that to be White means to really be Caucasian. Clearly you are not that. […] science of the day

    [Months later]
    [Bhagat Singh Thind] is saying I’m literally Caucasian. My people are from the Caucasus mountains.
    […]
    [The Supreme Court said] you may be Caucasian, we’ll concede that. But we have deep doubts about science. Everybody knows a dark brown Hindu is not [who] we as a country /believe/ are White.

    This moment crystallizes that White is something that’s socially constructed. It’s produced by cultural practices. […] We were happy to rely on science when science confirmed our predjudice, but when science challenges our predjudice, we’re out. We’re gonna abandon science and continue with a racial project with no scientific justification whatsoever.

  31. KG says

    The white American colonists never enslaved the Native Americans – raven@23

    This is simply false. In the index of Alan Taylor’s American Colonies there are multiple page references for “slavery of Indians”. This was carried out on the largest scale by Spanish colonists in Mexico Peru and the Caribbean, but even if you intended by “white American colonists” only those in English/British colonies, enslaving Indians was by no means rare. Perhaps most destructively, Indian tribal groups were recruited and armed as slave-catchers, their quarry being both escaped Black slaves, and members of other tribal groups, who in turn sought guns to defend themselves – and paid for them by capturing members of yet other groups.

  32. CompulsoryAccount7746, Sky Captain says

    Another similar origin narrative.

    Article: University of Pennsylvania Law Review – Making Indians White (2011)
    page 1470

    The legal status of all nonwhite servants and slaves in early seventeenth-century Virginia was vague. Because there were neither statutes nor common law doctrines defining enslavement […] rarely protected by a weak and disinterested state, Indians […] easily slid from [indentured] servitude into slavery.

    In the late seventeenth century, the colonial legislature attempted to clarify the ambiguities of Indian slavery by institutionalizing it. […] Finally, in 1682, the Burgesses, recognizing […] contradictory laws, explicitly […] clarified the fraught legal status of Indian laborers. They would henceforth be slaves, not servants.

    The law of 1682 was the last time the House of Burgesses legislated for Indian servants or slaves alone. Afterwards, laws addressed a single category of “negroes and other slaves.”

    page 1473

    The concept of race as a fixed biological identity did not exist when Europeans settled in Virginia in the early seventeenth century. The English of that era perceived the difference primarily as a matter of culture […] Their paganism legitimated, in English minds, the enslavement of both Indians and Africans after their capture in a just war.
    […]
    Religion proved an unstable justification for slavery because enslaved Indians and Africans could negate English claims to their labor through conversion to Christianity, as they did in increasing numbers in the mid-seventeenth century. […] [The 1667 statute] allowed masters to Christianize their slaves without fear, but it also eliminated religion as the bright-line distinction between slavery and freedom.

    The invention of race thus stemmed from the practical necessity for a sharp division between slavery and freedom that would endure even as Africans and Indians acculturated through the adoption of English language, culture, and religion.

    The core of the racial idea […] first developed among the colonists towards the Indians during the frequent wars that plagued seventeenth-century Virginia. Virginian elites quickly adapted it to support the growing institution of slavery by cultivating racial hostility against the Africans and Indians in their midst.

    By the eighteenth century, a host of statutes legally enforced the separation between whites of whatever class and the non-whites at the bottom of society, whether slave or free. The survival of Virginia’s economy and society came to depend on this caste system, for it muted class conflict

  33. flex says

    @Sky Captain, numerous posts,

    Interesting. So up until the 1667 Virginia law, Africans who became Christians could no longer be slaves because of English Common law which forbids Christians from being slaves, and some slaves were freed due to that law. I did not know that. It does echo the law I have heard from some Islamic countries which states that a man who can recite the opening sentence of the Koran in Arabic can no longer be a slave. I don’t feel too embarrassed about knowing this as the period when this could occur was fairly short.

    That being said, it is still clear that racism as we understand it existed during this period, whether it be against Native Americans, Negros, or Moors, because as soon as it became clear that the law concerning Christian belief would be enforced the law was changed. This also shows that religion was used as an excuse for the discrimination, not the cause of it. As soon as that excuse became untenable, that excuse was dropped.

    It’s probably worth keeping in mind that we are taught racism from a biological perspective, but the (incorrect) idea of divergent species of humans didn’t occur until we had developed the idea of species in the first place. Racism developed long before the idea of separate species; but still dealt with stereotypes of skin color, the shapes of noses or hair, and included what we now consider cultural aspects like clothing styles, hygiene or other behavior, and religion.

    Laws follow the beliefs of a society. Bear-baiting became illegal not because a few judges felt it was cruel, but because enough members of society argued in front of the judges that it was cruel. We could be more specific and say that laws follow the beliefs of the powerful members of a society, as that is true most of the time. Sometimes the powerful are overruled. While I do not know the arguments in the Virginia legislature in 1667 which led to religion no longer being a consideration in determining who can be a slave, I can say that the law would not have been enacted if there were not enough legislators who believed there were (non-religious) differences between themselves and Negros. A difference great enough to justify one group of people owning another.

    That these laws led to greater and greater legal distinctions, and embedded these prejudices in the laws of the USA, is deplorable, but not entirely unexpected. But I claim it would be inaccurate to say that the belief in White Supremacy started here. That belief already existed, before the laws codified that belief.

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